The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype and parenting in early life in predicting externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Variable	ADHD (N = 92)	Controls (N = 41)	X²/t	p
Sex, male, n (%)	72 (78.3)	27 (65.9)	2.29	0.130
Age, mean (SD), years	9.26 (2.67)	9.68 (2.83)	−0.82	0.414
Maternal education, n (%)			0.97	0.324
College degree or more	56 (66.7)	23 (57.5)
High school degree or less	28 (33.3)	17 (42.5)
Income > $25,000, n (%)	65 (74.7)	25 (62.5)	1.94	0.164
Maternal age at pregnancy, mean (SD)	30.06 (4.26)	31.46 (3.45)	−1.81	0.072
Parenting variables, mean (SD)
Positive feeling about caring for the baby	18.66 (4.49)	20.73 (4.09)	−2.53	0.013
Spending time teaching the baby	12.98 (2.73)	12.80 (3.57)	0.31	0.159
Parenting style: baby is dominant	10.47 (1.52)	9.80 (2.10)	2.08	0.039
Authoritarian parenting style: degree of autonomy allowed	9.76 (1.94)	10.55 (1.95)	−2.15	0.034
ARS, mean (SD)	24.80 (10.48)	4.87 (5.99)	13.40	<0.001
DBDS, mean (SD)
ODD	4.91 (5.44)
CD	1.29 (2.24)
CBCL, mean (SD)
Social problems	59.65 (9.64)
Anxiety/depression	57.08 (8.90)
CDI	10.77 (7.26)

Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ARS, ADHD Rating Scale; DBDS, Disruptive Behavioral Disorder Rating Scale according to the DSM-IV; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; CD, conduct disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory.
Bold: p <0.013.

ISSN: 1744-9081