The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype and parenting in early life in predicting externalizing and internalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Table 3 Associations between parenting variables and externalizing or internalizing symptoms in children with ADHD

	ARS scores			DBDS, ODD scores			DBDS, CD scores			CBCL, social problem scores			CBCL, depression/ anxiety scores			CDI scores
	B (95% CI)	f²	p	B (95% CI)	f²	p	B (95% CI)	f²	p	B (95% CI)	f²	p	B (95% CI)	f²	p	B (95% CI)	f²	p
Positive feeling about caring for the baby	−0.21 (−0.78, 0.36)	0.05	0.490	−0.05 (−0.34, 0.24)	0.01	0.724	−0.09 (−0.22, 0.05)	0.51	0.190	−0.56 (−1.13, 0.01)	0.78	0.052	−0.60 (−1.09, −0.10)	0.71	0.019	0.46 (−0.09, 1.00)	0.19	0.096
Spend time teaching the baby	0.62 (−0.43, 1.66)	0.13	0.242	0.39 (−0.13, 0.92)	0.21	0.141	0.02 (−0.23, 0.26)	0.00	0.885	0.06 (−1.02, 1.14)	0.00	0.917	−0.05 (−1.00, 0.89)	0.00	0.910	0.27 (−0.82, 1.36)	0.02	0.614
Parenting style: baby is dominant	1.55 (−0.07, 3.17)	0.43	0.060	0.83 (0.01, 1.66)	0.45	0.049	0.18 (−0.21, 0.56)	0.20	0.361	0.89 (−0.69, 2.47)	0.16	0.264	0.00 (−1.39, 1.38)	0.00	0.998	0.09 (−1.33, 1.51)	0.00	0.898
Authoritarian parenting style: degree of autonomy allowed	−0.34 (−1.69, 1.01)	0.02	0.613	−0.31 (−1.05, 0.43)	0.06	0.405	0.09 (−0.20, 0.43)	0.06	0.591	−0.59 (−2.04, 0.85)	0.08	0.414	−1.20 (−2.47, 0.06)	0.31	0.062	−1.99 (−3.21, −0.77)	1.39	0.002

Associations (B coefficients) are with 1-unit increase in parenting variable scores.
In the linear regression analyses, all parenting variables were concurrently entered, along with child’s sex, age, maternal education level, and family’s gross annual income.
Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; ARS, ADHD Rating Scale; DBDS, Disruptive Behavioral Disorder Rating Scale according to the DSM-IV; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; CD, conduct disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory.
Bold: p <0.013.

ISSN: 1744-9081