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Table 3 Post-hoc comparisons between adequately nourished and malnourished groups across the two age groups

From: Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy malnutrition

Groups

Variables

Probability level

Selective Attention (color cancellation test: time in seconds)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p < .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p < .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Executive functions

Cognitive flexibility (FAS phonemic fluency test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p < .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p > .05

Cognitive flexibility (design fluency test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p < .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Working memory (tapping blocks in sequence)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Visuospatial functions

Visual perception (motor-free visual perception test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Visuo-conceptual reasoning (picture completion test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p > .05

Visuoconstructive ability (block design test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p < .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Comprehension, learning and memory

Verbal comprehension (token test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p > .05

Verbal learning (RAVLT)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p < .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p > .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Verbal memory (RAVLT)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p > .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

Visual memory (memory for designs test)

AN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

MN

5–7 vs 8–10

p > .05

5–7 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

8–10 years

AN vs MN

p < .05

  1. Note: AN: adequately nourished; MN: malnourished.