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Table 3 Mean levels of cytokines (pg/ml, with standard deviations [SD]) for four subject groups

From: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: S100B, cytokines and kynurenine metabolism - effects of medication

A

Group

ADHD

(SD)

CON

(SD)

ADHDmed

(SD)

SIBS

(SD)

 

IL-1β

0.23

0.35

0.62

1.25

F(2,17) = 1.30, p = 0.29.

 

0.30

0.30

0.67

1.39

 

(N):

(7):

(7):

(7):

(2):

 

IL-2

7.47

6.58

6.96

6.15

F(2,40) = 0.16, p = 0.86

 

3.58

2.96

3.39

3.19

 

(N):

(17):

(16):

(11):

(4):

 

IL-6

1.02

0.89

0.87

1.06

F(2,50) = 0.74, p = 0.48

 

0.64

0.60

0.66

0.61

 

(N):

(20):

(20):

(14):

(7):

 

TNF-α

1.60

1.69

1.69

1.07

F(2,48) = 0.05, p = 0.95

 

0.78

0.72

0.68

0.26

 

(N):

(19):

(19):

(14):

(7):

 

IFN-γ *

4.07

3.17

2.08

0.92

*F(2,42) = 3.54, p = 0.038, η2 = 0.14

 

2.37

1.76

0.96

0.20

 

(N):

(16):

(18):

(12):

(5):

 

IL-16

140.23

135.18

135.90

123.92

F(2,50) = 0.08 p = 0.92

 

35.36

28.35

57.10

43.51

 

(N):

(19):

(21):

(14):

(7):

 

IL-10

1.08

1.04

0.75

0.91

F(2,48) = 0.77, p = 0.47

 

0.64

0.75

0.44

0.66

 

(N):

(18):

(21):

(13):

(4):

 

IL-13*

7.42

5.92

5.86

4.03

*F(2,31) = 2.89, p = 0.07, η2 = 0.16

 

2.95

2.22

1.55

1.29

 

(N):

(14):

(11):

(10):

(3):

 
  1. The ancova covariate was age: analyses excluded sibs: see text for one-way analyses. Cytokines with proinflammatory activity include IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and with antiinflammatory activity include IL-10 and IL-13. Both properties have been ascribed to IL-16 in different disorders.