Table 3 Baseline characteristics of study participants according to intrinsic academic motivation level
| Â | Elementary school | Junior high school | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Overall | Motivated | Not motivated | Overall | Motivated | Not motivated |
| Â | (n = 134) | (n = 109) | (n = 25) | (n = 133) | (n = 83) | (n = 50) |
Age, years | 10.8 ± 0.9 | 10.8 ± 0.9 | 10.8 ± 0.8 | 13.5 ± 1.0 | 13.6 ± 1.0 | 13.4 ± 0.9 |
Female (%) | 69 (51.5) | 55 (50.5) | 14 (56.0) | 63 (47.4) | 38 (45.8) | 25 (50.0) |
List learning test, score | 31.6 ± 3.8 | 31.8 ± 3.7 | 31.0 ± 4.5 | 33.0 ± 3.4 | 33.4 ± 3.3 | 32.3 ± 3.4 |
List recall test, score | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 9.0 ± 1.2 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 8.8 ± 1.4 |
Digit span forward test, score | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 6.6 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.0*** |
Symbol digit modalities test, score | 44.6 ± 11.8 | 45.3 ± 11.8 | 41.7 ± 11.6 | 57.6 ± 10.5 | 59.0 ± 9.9 | 55.2 ± 11.2 |
Semantic fluency test, score | 9.7 ± 2.3 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 9.1 ± 2.7 | 11.4 ± 3.1 | 11.8 ± 3.1 | 10.9 ± 3.0 |
Figure copying test, score | 15.5 ± 5.9 | 15.4 ± 6.2 | 15.8 ± 4.3 | 14.7 ± 7.5 | 15.5 ± 7.0 | 13.4 ± 8.3 |
Kana pick-out test | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kana pick-out number | 27.1 ± 8.8 | 27.4 ± 9.0 | 25.7 ± 7.7 | 38.0 ± 9.3 | 38.5 ± 9.3 | 37.3 ± 9.4 |
Kana omission number | 7.3 ± 6.7 | 7.4 ± 7.0 | 7.0 ± 5.1 | 6.8 ± 6.0 | 6.7 ± 6.6 | 6.9 ± 4.8 |
Kana pick-out score | 19.7 ± 10.9 | 20.0 ± 11.5 | 18.7 ± 7.9 | 31.3 ± 11.3 | 31.8 ± 12.2 | 30.4 ± 9.8 |
Score for story comprehension | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 2.1** |
Modified advanced trail making test | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
RT on task A, s | 44.5 ± 12.6 | 44.4 ± 12.6 | 45.2 ± 12.7 | 35.3 ± 7.8 | 34.5 ± 7.7 | 36.5 ± 7.9 |
RT on task B, s | 67.6 ± 19.9 | 67.1 ± 19.2 | 69.4 ± 22.8 | 51.5 ± 14.5 | 50.6 ± 13.4 | 53.1 ± 16.2 |
RT on task C, s | 91.5 ± 26.2 | 89.2 ± 22.9 | 101.4 ± 36.0* | 72.5 ± 17.1 | 70.6 ± 15.0 | 75.8 ± 19.7 |
RT on task D, s | 14.9 ± 3.9 | 14.6 ± 3.7 | 16.0 ± 4.6 | 12.3 ± 3.5 | 12.1 ± 3.9 | 12.7 ± 2.7 |
RT on task E, s | 76.4 ± 30.4 | 74.0 ± 24.9 | 86.8 ± 46.7 | 54.6 ± 15.6 | 52.8 ± 15.3 | 57.6 ± 15.8 |