Figure 2

Full routine breakdown according to upper limbs’ motions. Rendering of a subject’s upper body and extremities with axes measuring changes in position and orientation of the limbs, head and trunk. The Jab forward (J1) ends as the retraction (J2) starts simultaneously with the Cross forward (C1). This is followed by the retraction of the Cross (C2) which rotates the body and simultaneously initiates the Hook forward (H1). The helical axes in light yellow (spanning a fan of vectors) show relative rotations between two coupled body parts. The length of that vector is proportional to the net coupled rotation. They are really evident during the Upper Cut. The focus of the paper is on the Jab both performed in isolation and embedded in the full routine shown here.