Figure 3

Analytical methods. (A) Representative hand’s instantaneous speed profiles during the Jab-strike (left) and retracting-Jab (right) in the block of simulated opponent under randomly instructed speeds. Sampling resolution of 240Hz, movements lasting between 0.8s and 2.1s) (B) Same as A but striking against the physical punching bag and retracting from it. (C) Same as A, but with instructed speeds in a block design. (D) Empirical frequency distributions of the ensemble data from A (randomly instructed speeds on top) and speeds from the block design (bottom). (E) The continuous Gamma family probability density function curves across a subset of values for the shape and scale parameters in the legend. (F) The plots of some subjects for fast and slow speeds (simulated and punching-bag intermixed) using the normalized maximum velocity and estimating the stochastic signatures of each condition. The log-log plot of the shape and scale plane aligns the points along the line of unity. (G) The stochastic signatures dynamically measured in real time: stochastic trajectories of intended movements for two subjects across different training contexts with 110 trials each (fast-bag, fast-no-bag, slow-bag, slow-no-bag) measuring predictability towards the right extreme (Gaussian range of the Gamma plane) and randomness towards the left extreme (Exponential range of the Gamma plane).