Fig. 5

Effect of anti-inflammation treatment on the spatial memory ability of mice. a The representative swimming speeds of the mice at the first day after thrombin injection. b ICH decreased learning ability in mice. At 1–3 days after the thrombin injury, the escape latency in the ICH, ICH + hirudin and ICH + indo groups significantly increased compared to the shams. Hirudin decreased the escape latencies at day 2 and day 3 as compared with ICH group. Similarly, anti-inflammation treatment significantly improved the learning ability at day 1 to day 3 post-injury. There was no significant difference between hirudin and indomycin treatment groups at day 2 and day 3 post-injury. c The percentage of time spent in P quadrant significantly decreased in ICH group during the probe trial. Hirudin and indo treatment significantly increased the time spent in the P quadrant, compared with ICH group. *P < 0.05 as compared with sham; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 as compared with ICH group