Fig. 2

Naringin improves the learning and memory functions of CCL2 administered rats. Effect of Naringin on spatial learning in CCL2-treated rat were evaluated using the Morris water maze for five consecutive days. a The average swimming speeds among groups. There were no significance among groups. b The escape latency among groups. CCL2 group spent more time to found hidden platform compared with the Naringin treatment groups. c The average swimming distances among groups. The CCL2 treatment rats showed a significantly longer courses to arrived platform compaerd with the Naringin treatment groups. d The escape latency tendency during 5-day training. The time to found platform is shorten across days. e The typical track of searching for the hidden platform on training day 5. f The number of crossings of the target quadrant. The number of crossings of the target quadrant in the Naringin treatment groups significantly incresed compared with CCL2 group was observed. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, control group, sham group, memantine group, Naringin low dose group, Naringin middle dose group, Naringin high dose group: n = 10;CCL2 group: n = 9; Positive drug group: n = 11 (^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 vs sham, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 vs CCL2)