Fig. 1

The interplay between ROS and autophagy. ROS can be induced following various triggers entailing hypoxia, starvation, and mitophagy. Afterward excessive production of ROS, some factors are affected comprising HIF-1α, AMPK, JNK, and Nrf2/Keap1. Alongside these biological circumstances, autophagy may be inhibited/activated by forming the ULK complex, PI3K complex, and mTORC1 complex. Important factors involved in autophagy are LC3II and p62