Fig. 5

Levels of brain cytokines and chemokines, and BBB permeability. A Brain levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, TWEAK, BAFF and APRIL), as detected by ELISA. IL-1β (p < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001); IFN-α (p < 0.0001, 0.0149, 0.0016); IFN-β (p < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001); IL-10 (p < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001); IFN-γ (p < 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.001); IL-6 (p < 0.0001, 0.0012, < 0.0001); TNF-α (p < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001); IL-17A (p < 0.0001, < 0.0001, < 0.0001); TWEAK (p = 0.0562, 0.6937, 0.9245); BAFF (p = 0.0594, 0.6219, 0.5961) and APRIL (p = 0.9377, 0.0004, 0.4845). B Brain levels of chemokines (CCL2, CXCL10 and CCL7), as detected by ELISA. CCL2 (p < 0.0001, 0.0013, 0.0458); CXCL10 (p < 0.0001, 0.0016, 0.0295) and CCL7 (p = 0.0533, 0.6921, 0.9885). C Quantitative analysis of Evans blue dye extravasation (p < 0.0001, 0.6859, 0.8935). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12 in each group). Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test or Scheirer–Ray–Hare test: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01