Distinct reinforcement learning profiles distinguish between language and attentional neurodevelopmental disorders

Table 6 Demographic and psychometric data of the DD and control groups

Measurement	Control	S.D	Dyslexia	S.D	t value	p
Age (in years)	25	2.828	25.29	3.579	− 0.354	0.724
Decoding
Oral words recognition (accuracy)	118.838	15.132	71.967	22.443	9.641	.001
Oral words recognition (speed)	120.193	15.142	75.838	24.992	8.451	.001
Oral non-words recognition (accuracy)	63.903	11.344	25.258	9.774	14.369	.001
Oral non-words recognition (speed)	67.935	11.132	41.387	12.776	8.723	.001
Naming skills
Naming letters (time)	21.774	2.883	25.258	3.759	− 4.094	.001
Naming objects (time)	32.548	4.945	41.032	7.259	− 5.378	.001
Naming numbers (time)	17.419	2.566	21.612	2.917	− 6.009	.001
Naming colors (time)	27.387	5.358	32.935	5.703	− 3.948	.001
Phonological processing
Phoneme segmentation (time)	72.774	16.206	147.58	66.229	− 6.109	.001
Phoneme segmentation (accuracy)	15.032	0.982	11.935	3.829	4.362	.001
Phoneme deletion (time)	87.29	13.473	183.806	48.387	− 10.699	.001
Phoneme deletion (accuracy)	23.612	1.819	19.322	5.344	4.231	.001
Spoonerism (time)	109.064	22.196	270.193	113.185	− 7.778	.001
Spoonerism (accuracy)	18.741	1.389	15.29	4.54	4.047	.001
Short verbal working memory
Digit span^a	12.677	2.599	9.838	2.222	4.621	.001
Intellectual ability
Raven test^a	70.161	17.817	64.29	24.985	1.065	0.292
Attentional functions
ASRS^a	32.483	6.762	31.903	9.148	0.284	0.777

ISSN: 1744-9081