Articles

Principles underlying the design of "The Number Race", an adaptive computer game for remediation of dyscalculia

Adaptive game software has been successful in remediation of dyslexia. Here we describe the cognitive and algorithmic principles underlying the development of similar software for dyscalculia. Our software is ...

Authors: Anna J Wilson, Stanislas Dehaene, Philippe Pinel, Susannah K Revkin, Laurent Cohen and David Cohen

Differential effects of a selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist on motor activity and c-fos expression in the frontal-striatal circuitry of SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats

Molecular genetic studies suggest the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) may be implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As little is known about the potential motor role of D1R in ADHD, animal m...

Authors: Rochellys Diaz Heijtz and F Xavier Castellanos

Cortical activation elicited by unrecognized stimuli

It is unclear whether a stimulus that cannot be recognized consciously, could elicit a well-processed cognitive response.

Authors: Rajendra D Badgaiyan

Cognitive deficits and CTG repeat expansion size in classical myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1)

This study was designed to investigate cognitive abilities and their correlations with CTG repeat expansion size in classical Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), given that earlier studies have indicated cognitiv...

Authors: Stefan Winblad, Christopher Lindberg and Stefan Hansen

Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders

Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological phenomena associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's di...

Authors: V Srinivasan, SR Pandi-Perumal, DP Cardinali, B Poeggeler and R Hardeland

The serotonin 1A receptor C(-1019)G polymorphism in relation to suicide attempt

Serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in suicidal behavior. Association between suicidal completers and a regulatory C(-1019)G polymorphism (rs6295) in the serotonin 1A receptor (HTR1A) gene was p...

Authors: Danuta Wasserman, Thomas Geijer, Marcus Sokolowski, Vsevolod Rozanov and Jerzy Wasserman

Variation at APOE and STH loci and Alzheimer's disease

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) and tau proteins play important roles in the pathological development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies have shown an association between the APOE gene and AD. Association betw...

Authors: Lingjun Zuo, Christopher H van Dyck, Xingguang Luo, Henry R Kranzler, Bao-zhu Yang and Joel Gelernter

Long-term effects of a single adult methamphetamine challenge: Minor impact on dopamine fibre density in limbic brain areas of gerbils

The aim of the study was to test long-term effects of (+)-methamphetamine (MA) on the dopamine (DA) innervation in limbo-cortical regions of adult gerbils, in order to understand better the repair and neuropla...

Authors: Susanne Brummelte, Thorsten Grund, Andrea Czok, Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt and Jörg Neddens

Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour in South African children

The behaviour of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by low predictability of responding. Low behavioural predictability is one way of operationalizing intra-individual ADHD...

Authors: Heidi Aase, Anneke Meyer and Terje Sagvolden

Relationship between impulsivity, hyperactivity and working memory: a differential analysis in the rat

Impulsivity is a behavioural trait that comprises several distinct processes. It is a key feature of many psychopathologies such as mania, addictive disorders or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders. To d...

Authors: Françoise Dellu-Hagedorn

Declarative and procedural learning in children and adolescents with posterior fossa tumours

This quasi-experimental study was designed to assess two important learning types – procedural and declarative – in children and adolescents affected by posterior fossa tumours (astrocytoma vs. medulloblastoma...

Authors: Eliana A Quintero-Gallego, Carlos M Gómez, Encarnación Vaquero Casares, Javier Márquez and Fco Javier Pérez-Santamaría

The effects of sex and hormonal status on restraint-stress-induced working memory impairment

Restraint stress has been shown to elicit numerous effects on hippocampal function and neuronal morphology, as well as to induce dendritic remodeling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the effects of acu...

Authors: Rebecca M Shansky, Katya Rubinow, Avis Brennan and Amy FT Arnsten

The C(-1019)G 5-HT1A promoter polymorphism and personality traits: no evidence for significant association in alcoholic patients

The 5HT1A receptor is one of at least 14 different receptors for serotonin which has a role in moderating several brain functions and may be involved in the aetiology of several psychiatric disorders. The C(-1...

Authors: G Koller, B Bondy, UW Preuss, P Zill and M Soyka

Exploration of auditory P50 gating in schizophrenia by way of difference waves

Electroencephalographic measures of information processing encompass both mid-latency evoked potentials like the pre-attentive auditory P50 potential and a host of later more cognitive components like P300 and...

Authors: Sidse M Arnfred

Serum level of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in children with ADHD

The objective of this study was to analyze the extracellularly acting semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) serum levels in children with ADHD for the first time. SSAO is known to show deviations from n...

Authors: Veit Roessner, Henrik Uebel, Andreas Becker, Georg Beck, Stefan Bleich and Aribert Rothenberger

Color naming deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A retinal dopaminergic hypothesis

Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) have unexplained difficulties on tasks requiring speeded processing of colored stimuli. Color vision mechanisms, particularly short-wavelength (bl...

Authors: Rosemary Tannock, Tobias Banaschewski and David Gold

Dose-response characteristics of methylphenidate on locomotor behavior and on sensory evoked potentials recorded from the VTA, NAc, and PFC in freely behaving rats

Methylphenidate (MPD) is a psychostimulant commonly prescribed for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The mode of action of the brain circuitry responsible for initiating the animals' behavior in respon...

Authors: Pamela B Yang, Alan C Swann and Nachum Dafny

Influence of methylphenidate on brain development – an update of recent animal experiments

Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly used drug to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children effectively and safely. In spite of its widespread application throughout one of the mo...

Authors: Thorsten Grund, Konrad Lehmann, Nathalie Bock, Aribert Rothenberger and Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

Chronic exposure to MDMA (Ecstasy) elicits behavioral sensitization in rats but fails to induce cross-sensitization to other psychostimulants

The recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) among adolescents and young adults has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. While evidence suggests that the long-term conseq...

Authors: Gunjan M Modi, Pamela B Yang, Alan C Swann and Nachum Dafny

Cystathionine β-synthase T833C/844INS68 polymorphism: a family-based study on mentally retarded children

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) mediates conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine and deficiency in enzyme activity may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia/homocystinuria, which are often associated with mental ret...

Authors: Samikshan Dutta, Swagata Sinha, Anindita Chattopadhyay, Prasanta Kumar Gangopadhyay, Jotideb Mukhopadhyay, Manoranjan Singh and Kanchan Mukhopadhyay

Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains

The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) shows a number of behaviours that closely parallel those seen in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These include motor hyperactivity, excessive re...

Authors: Jonathan Mill, Terje Sagvolden and Philip Asherson

Dual-modality impairment of implicit learning of letter-strings versus color-patterns in patients with schizophrenia

Implicit learning was reported to be intact in schizophrenia using artificial grammar learning. However, emerging evidence indicates that artificial grammar learning is not a unitary process. The authors used ...

Authors: Ming-Jang Chiu, Kristina Liu, Ming H Hsieh and Hai-Gwo Hwu

Response inhibition deficits in externalizing child psychiatric disorders: An ERP-study with the Stop-task

Evidence from behavioural studies suggests that impaired motor response inhibition may be common to several externalizing child psychiatric disorders, although it has been proposed to be the core-deficit in AD...

Authors: Björn Albrecht, Tobias Banaschewski, Daniel Brandeis, Hartmut Heinrich and Aribert Rothenberger

Auditory processing in individuals with auditory neuropathy

Auditory neuropathy is a disorder characterized by no or severely impaired auditory brainstem responses in presence of normal otoacoustic emissions and/or cochlear microphonics. Speech perception abilities in ...

Authors: Ajith U Kumar and M Jayaram

EEG correlates of verbal and nonverbal working memory

Distinct cognitive processes support verbal and nonverbal working memory, with verbal memory depending specifically on the subvocal rehearsal of items.

Authors: Grace Hwang, Joshua Jacobs, Aaron Geller, Jared Danker, Robert Sekuler and Michael J Kahana

COMT genetic variation confers risk for psychotic and affective disorders: a case control study

Variation in the COMT gene has been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders, including psychotic, affective and anxiety disorders. The majority of these studies have focused on the functional Val108/15...

Authors: Birgit Funke, Anil K Malhotra, Christine T Finn, Alex M Plocik, Stephen L Lake, Todd Lencz, Pamela DeRosse, John M Kane and Raju Kucherlapati

Stimulus-dependent effects on tactile spatial acuity

Previous studies have shown that spatio-tactile acuity is influenced by the clarity of the cortical response in primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Stimulus characteristics such as frequency, amplitude, and loc...

Authors: V Tannan, RG Dennis and M Tommerdahl

Branching projections of ventrolateral reticular neurons to the medial preoptic area and lumbo-sacral spinal cord

Different findings indicate that rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL) is neuronal substrate of integration and regulation of the cardiovascular functions. Some efferent RVL neurons project to the thor...

Authors: Antonella Russo, Rosalia Pellitteri, Rosa Romeo, Stefania Stanzani and André Jean

Efficacy of atomoxetine in adult attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a drug-placebo response curve analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of atomoxetine, a new and highly selective inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter, in reducing symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder...

Authors: Stephen V Faraone, Joseph Biederman, Thomas Spencer, David Michelson, Lenard Adler, Fred Reimherr and Stephen J Glatt

Association study of polymorphisms in synaptic vesicle-associated genes, SYN2 and CPLX2, with schizophrenia

The occurrence of aberrant functional connectivity in the neuronal circuit is one of the integrative theories of the etiology of schizophrenia. Previous studies have reported that the protein and mRNA levels o...

Authors: Hee Jae Lee, Ji Young Song, Jong Woo Kim, Sheng-Yu Jin, Mi Suk Hong, Jin Kyoung Park, Joo-Ho Chung, Hiroki Shibata and Yasuyuki Fukumaki

Neuropsychological measures of attention and memory function in schizophrenia: relationships with symptom dimensions and serum monoamine activity

Some clinical symptoms or cognitive functions have been related to the overall state of monoamine activity in patients with schizophrenia, (e.g. inverse correlation of the dopamine metabolite HVA with delusion...

Authors: Robert D Oades, Bernd Röpcke, Uwe Henning and Ansgard Klimke

Fast, visual specialization for reading in English revealed by the topography of the N170 ERP response

N170 effects associated with visual words may be related to perceptual expertise effects that have been demonstrated for faces and other extensively studied classes of visual stimuli. Although face and other o...

Authors: Urs Maurer, Daniel Brandeis and Bruce D McCandliss

Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour

The behaviour of children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder is often described as highly variable, in addition to being hyperactive, impulsive and inattentive. One reason might be that they do no...

Authors: Heidi Aase and Terje Sagvolden

Induction of compulsive-like washing by blocking the feeling of knowing: an experimental test of the security-motivation hypothesis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

H. Szechtman and E. Woody (2004) hypothesized that obsessive-compulsive disorder results from a deficit in the feeling of knowing that normally terminates thoughts or actions elicited by security motivation. T...

Authors: Erik Z Woody, Victoria Lewis, Lisa Snider, Hilary Grant, Markad Kamath and Henry Szechtman

More to ADHD than meets the eye: Observable abnormalities in search behaviour do not account for performance deficits on a discrimination task

Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often perform poorly on tasks requiring sustained and systematic attention to stimuli for extended periods of time. The current paper tested the hy...

Authors: Edmund JS Sonuga-Barke, Sarah Elgie and Martin Hall

Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Although animals cannot be used to study complex human behaviour such as language, they do have similar basic functions. In fact, human disorders that have animal models are better understood than disorders th...

Authors: Vivienne A Russell, Terje Sagvolden and Espen Borgå Johansen

Executive and motivational processes in adolescents with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

The objective of the current study was to examine performance and correlates of performance on a decision-making card task involving risky choices (Iowa Gambling Task) in adolescents with ADHD and comparison c...

Authors: Maggie E Toplak, Umesh Jain and Rosemary Tannock

Evidence that the delay-period activity of dopamine neurons corresponds to reward uncertainty rather than backpropagating TD errors

Authors: Christopher D Fiorillo, Philippe N Tobler and Wolfram Schultz

Dopamine, uncertainty and TD learning

Substantial evidence suggests that the phasic activities of dopaminergic neurons in the primate midbrain represent a temporal difference (TD) error in predictions of future reward, with increases above and dec...

Authors: Yael Niv, Michael O Duff and Peter Dayan

Prenatal exposure to alcohol does not affect radial maze learning and hippocampal mossy fiber sizes in three inbred strains of mouse

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on radial-maze learning and hippocampal neuroanatomy, particularly the sizes of the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIPM...

Authors: Frans Sluyter, Laure Jamot, Jean-Yves Bertholet and Wim E Crusio

Dishabituation of the BOLD response to speech sounds

Neural systems show habituation responses at multiple levels, including relatively abstract language categories. Dishabituation – responses to non-habituated stimuli – can provide a window into the structure o...

Authors: Jason D Zevin and Bruce D McCandliss

Learning spatial orientation tasks in the radial-maze and structural variation in the hippocampus in inbred mice

In the present paper we review a series of experiments showing that heritable variations in the size of the hippocampal intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIPMF) terminal fields correlate with performance ...

Authors: Wim E Crusio and Herbert Schwegler

Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Methylphenidate (MPH) is the classic treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), yet the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic actions remain unclear. Recent studies have identified an oral,...

Authors: Amy FT Arnsten and Anne G Dudley

Behavioral and Brain Functions. A new journal

Behavioral and Brain Functions (BBF) is an Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal considering original research, review, and modeling articles in all aspects of neurobiology or behavior, favoring research tha...

Authors: Terje Sagvolden