Table 5 Psychometric Tests

INTELLECTUAL ABILITY

Raven

(Raven, Court, & Raven, 1992)

This test is designed to assess nonverbal intelligence. Participants are required to choose an item from the bottom of the figure that will complete the pattern at the top of the figure. The maximum raw score for this test is 60. The test reliability coefficient is .9

VERBAL SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Digit Span Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III; [104])

In this task, participants are required to recall the numbers presented auditorily in the order they were presented by the examiner. The maximum total raw score is 28. Task administration is discontinued after a failure to recall two trials with a similar length of digits. The test reliability coefficient is .9

DECODING

One-minute test of words and One-minute test of nonwords [83]

These tests aim to assess reading skills. The one-minute test of words contains nonvowelized words of an equivalent level of complexity. The one-minute test of nonwords contains increasingly complex vowelized nonwords. Each test requires the participant to read aloud as quickly and accurately as possible within one minute. The maximum raw score for the one-minute test of words is 168. The maximum raw score for the one-minute test of nonwords is 86

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING

Phoneme Deletion [9]

In this test, participants are required to repeat nonwords without a specific phoneme as rapidly as possible. The nonwords are presented auditorily and vary in complexity, with a maximum total raw score of 25

Phoneme segmentation test [9]

This measure assesses the participant's ability to break a word into its component phonemes. For example, the word fo has two phonemes /f/ /o/. The maximum raw score is 16

Spoonerism Task (developed by Peleg & Ben-Dror)

Participants are required to switch the first syllables of two word-pairs and then synthesize the segments to provide new words. The maximum raw score is 12

NAMING SKILLS

Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) [9]

Participants are required to orally name items presented visually as rapidly as possible. The exemplars are drawn from a constant category (RAN colors, RAN categories, RAN numerals, and RAN letters). This requires retrieval of a familiar phonological code for each stimulus and coordination of phonological and visual (color) or orthographic (letter) information quickly on time. The reliability coefficient of these tests ranges from .98 to .99

ATTENTION

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)

An 18-item questionnaire based on the DSM-IV criteria for identifying ADHD in adults. The questions refer to the past 6 months. The ASRS rating scale includes 0–5 rating (very often = 5 points, often = 4 points, sometimes = 3 points, rarely = 2 points, never = 1 point). A total score of more than 51 points is used to identify ADHD