Fig. 4

Effects of optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons on cytokine expression, IgG deposition and lipofuscin accumulation in the brain of PIL mice A Quantitative analysis of the levels of brain cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10). B and C Representative images of IgG deposition in the choroid plexus and lateral ventricular wall (green). DAPI staining for nuclei (blue). D and E Quantitative analysis of IgG deposition in the choroid plexus and lateral ventricular wall by MFI and normalized to the control group. F and G Representative images of autofluorescent lipofuscin at 480 nm exciting light (green) in the cortex and hippocampus. DAPI staining for nuclei (blue). H and I Quantification analysis of lipofuscin foci in the cortex and hippocampus and normalized to the control group. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 12 in each group). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test: ^## p < 0.01 compared to the control group, ^* p < 0.05 or ^** p < 0.01 compared to the PIL group