Research
Open Access

Does neuregulin-1 play a role in Type A behavior? The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study

  • Helena M Service1,
  • Mirka Hintsanen1,
  • Taina Hintsa1,
  • Terho Lehtimäki2, 3,
  • Olli T Raitakari4,
  • Jorma S Viikari5 and
  • Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen1Email author
Behavioral and Brain Functions20084:40

https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-4-40

©  Service et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008

Received: 31 March 2008

Accepted: 17 September 2008

Published: 17 September 2008

Abstract

Background

Neuregulin-1 proteins are related to physiological correlates of Type A in terms of cardiac reactivity. Furthermore, neuregulin-1 gene (NRG1) may play a role in cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease i.e. the suggested "outcomes" of Type A behavior. Therefore, NRG1 is hypothesized to be associated with Type A behavior.

Methods

The study examined whether Type A behavior pattern is associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) SNP8NRG221533 of the NRG1. The subjects were 631 men and women participating in the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study in 1992 and 2001. Type A was self-assessed with the Framingham Type A Scale and reassessed nine years later.

Results

Type A was associated with NRG1 genotype. Carriers of genotype CC scored lower on Type A compared to the others.

Conclusion

Our study has pinpointed a SNP in NRG1 that predicts Type A behavior. As previous evidence suggests an association for NRG1 with beta-adrenergic stimulation, its role underlying Type A is discussed.

Background

Type A behavior, originally described as a behavioral pattern comprising impatience, hard driving and a sense of hurry [1], was considered in the 60s and 70s as a major behavioral risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). It was believed to have a similar effect on cardiovascular risk as the more traditional risk factors, such as elevated systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking [2].

In the 1980's, however, most studies failed to confirm an association between Type A behavior and CHD [3]. In 1999, the review by Hemingway and Marmot [4] concluded that a contribution of Type A behavior in pathogenesis of CHD has not been scholarly proved, while in 2000's, new evidence on an association between Type A and atherosclerosis has been, again, elicited [5].

Vagueness of the Type A concept may at least partly, explain these conflicting findings. There is a disagreement whether Type A mainly refers to emotions, attitudes, behavioral styles, or innate dispositions, and what is the contribution of those dimensions to the final concept. If Type A behavior, or any dimension of it, could be anchored to genetic background, this might establish its content. More important, identifying functional genes related to Type A behavior might increase our knowledge about mechanisms through which Type A could be associated with health outcomes. This study was taken with these purposes. As far as we know, there are no previous studies that have associated Type A behavior with molecular genetics. For two reasons, neuregulin-1 (NRG1) might belong to candidate genes to start with. First, neuregulin-1 proteins are related to physiological correlates of Type A in terms of cardiac reactivity. They seem to reduce excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation, and help to produce counterbalancing parasympathetic activity [6, 7], and Type A behavior has been linked to the sensitivity of the beta-adrenergic system [8, 9] and sympathetic versus parasympathetic balance [10]. Second, NRG1 may play a role in cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis [11] i.e. the suggested "outcomes" of Type A behavior. The present study examines an association of the single nucleotide polymorphism SNP8NRG221533 in the NRG1 gene with Type A behavior.

Methods

Participants

The subjects were derived from the ongoing prospective population based study, called Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns. The Young Finns study has followed a random sample of 3596 healthy Finnish children and adolescents (3–18 years old at baseline) since 1980 [12].

Genetic data was acquired from a sub-sample of 1600 subjects (missing n = 62). Psychological data on adult Type A behavior was obtained first in 1992, and again in 2001 when participants were 15–30 and 24–39 years old, respectively.

Participants under the age of twenty at the first Type A assessment were excluded, as questions concerning job-related Type A behavior were not age-appropriate for them. After this exclusion, psychological data was received from 631 genotyped participants who had complete Type A measures from both follow-ups. Of them 276 (43.7%) were men and 355 (56.3%) women. Participants gave written informed consent, and the study was approved by local ethics committees.

NRG1 genotyping

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes using a commercially available kit (Qiagen Inc, Hilden, Germany) and DNA samples were then genotyped by employing the 5'exonuclease assay [13]. For the PCR, primers and allele-specific fluorogenic probes with conjugated minor groove binder groups were synthesized in conjugation with Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, USA) using the sequence (SNP8NRG221533) found on the deCODE Genetics Web site [14] and GenBank (accession number AF491780). The PCR reaction mixture consisted of genomic DNA, 1 × Universal PCR Master Mix, 900 nM of each primer and 200 nM of each probe. Amplification was performed using the TaqMan Universal Thermal Cycling Protocol. After PCR, end-point fluorescence intensity was measured by the ABI Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) and allelic discrimination performed. All genotyping was performed blinded to participant outcome. Negative controls (water) and random duplicates were used as quality control.

Type A behavior assessment

Type A behavior was self-assessed with the Framingham Type A Scale [15]. The scale is composed of two subscales: trait-related Type A behavior and job-related Type A behavior. Trait-related statements are mainly related to general feelings such as a sense of competitiveness and hurry e.g. (1) being hard-driving and competitive and (2) being bossy and dominating. The job-related questions are directly related to work e.g. (1) work often stretching an individual to the very limits of their energy and work capacity and (2) work often staying with an individual so that they were thinking about work after working hours. There were five items on trait-related scale and four items on job-related scale. The mean score of the sub-scales can be used as a measure of overall Type A. A high score indicated a high amount of Type A behavior. The Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 for trait-related Type A and for the overall Type A. Alpha of job-related scale was 0.5.

Statistical analysis

Univariate ANOVAs were used to determine differences between genotypes in overall Type A behavior and its sub-scales for measurements in 1992 and 2001 and for the mean values of the two assessments. Effect sizes were calculated with partial eta squared (η2). Genotypes TT and TC were combined as mean values of Type A in these genotypes were almost identical (see Table 1). Analyses were adjusted for age and gender. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS/Win (Version 15.0) software. The χ2-test was used for calculation of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Table 1

Characteristics of Type A Measurements in NRG1 Genotypes.

 

Trait-related Type A1

Job-related Type A1

Total Type A1

TT (n = 214)

2.50 ± 0.50

1.46 ± 0.24

1.98 ± 0.30

TC (n = 311)

2.50 ± 0.47

1.45 ± 0.24

1.98 ± 0.29

CC (n = 106)

2.37 ± 0.46

1.42 ± 0.25

1.90 ± 0.29

Values represent means ± 1 standard deviations.

TT, TC, and CC represent genotypes of neuregulin-1 gene.

1Type A variables present the means of two measurements (1992 and 2001).

Results

Sample representativeness

The group with data from all used variables was compared to the excluded cases with t- and χ2-tests to assess representativeness. No differences were found in NRG1 genotype frequencies or Type A behavior (tested using the mean values of the two measurements). However, women were somewhat overrepresented in the data (56.3% of included and 49.8% of the excluded participants were women, p = .003). Included participants were naturally also older than excluded participants, because of our age criterion.

Sample characteristics

The percentages of subjects carrying genotypes TT, CT and CC in the whole genotyped sub-sample (n = 1600, missing n = 62), were 33.7%, 49.7% and 16.6%, respectively. The genotype frequencies followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = .83). Table 1 presents means and standard deviations of trait-related Type A, job-related Type A, and Total Type A across the NRG1 genotypes.

NRG1 genotype and Type A behavior

NRG1 genotype was significantly associated with trait-related Type A behavior (p = .01, η2 = .010) and overall Type A behavior (p = .02, η2 = .009) on first assessment in 1992, genotype CC carriers having lower Type A than others. These associations were replicated on second assessment in 2001 (trait-related Type A: p = .05, η2 = .006; overall Type A: p = .04, η2 = .007) and when Type A was calculated as the mean of the two assessments in1992 and 2001 (trait-related Type A: p = .01, η2 = .010; overall Type A: p = .01, η2 = .010). Again genotype CC carriers showed lower Type A compared to others. Job related Type A was not associated with NRG1 genotype on either assessment or in mean of the two assessments (p > .24 in all measurements).

Discussion

Our findings showed that when compared with other genotypes, individuals carrying the genotype CC of NRG1 had lower Type A behavior. This was true with total Type A and its trait-related subscale.

The trait-related subscale differentiated the genotypes whereas the job-related subscale did not. This would be in line with an assumption that trait-related Type A behavior is more innate and job-related behavior more circumstantial. It should be noted that calculating the total Type A behavior in the way used, also emphasizes the portion of trait-related Type A compared to job-related Type A behavior.

As the etiology of Type A is still unclear, an association between NRG1 and Type A behavior might provide hints of the physiological basis of this personality type and imply a mechanism through which Type A behavior may have its effect on health. NRG1 plays a part in the survival, growth and repair of adult cardiomyocytes as a response to increased workload [16]. It is also crucial in the development of the autonomic nervous system [16] and the heart [17]. Therefore some autonomic or cardiostructural function of NRG1 could be related to Type A. One intriguing possibility for explaining the association is the adrenergic system. Type A behavior has been associated with increased sympathetic balance compared to parasympathetic tone [10, 18]. It has been linked, in particular, to the beta-adrenergic system in men, as it has been associated with greater B2 adrenergic receptor density [8], and in a more recent study to greater sensitivity to B1 and B2 receptor agonist isoproterenol administered by bolus injection [9]. In Type A men, isoproterenol has a stronger effect on the T wave of the cardioelectrogram, and parasympathetic antagonism of beta-adrenergic stimulation also appears to be less effective [10].

Neuregulin proteins, on their part, appear to have the ability to control excessive beta-adrenergic activation. This is, incidentally, likely to be a key factor in neuregulin's protective role in heart failure [6, 7]. In animal studies, neuregulin-1 has been shown to induce counterbalancing parasympathetic activity [7] and to directly reduce contractibility in heart muscle cells [6]. Thus, adrenergic responses might play a role in the etiology of Type A and would be an interesting focus of further molecular research.

It has primarily been through responses to stressors that Type A has been thought to be pathogenic, even when considered as risk factor for atherosclerosis [19] and not just a trigger for coronary events. If Type A behavior is, indeed, an actual risk factor for atherosclerosis, neuregulin could be involved in additional ways. As mentioned above, neuregulin has a protective role in heart failure. In rat cardiomyocytes, neuregulin-1 activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase [6], and there is evidence that the nitric oxide synthase has a role in both heart failure and atherosclerosis [20, 21]. Although neuregulin proteins are beneficial in heart failure, they may, in fact, play a pathological role in atherosclerosis.

Neuregulin has been found to be overexpressed in coronary atherosclerotic lesions in the intima of human blood vessels, primarily in macrophages [11]. Type A, in turn, has been associated with coronary atherosclerosis in Sparagon's study with male subjects [22] and also with markers of arteriosclerosis [23]. The different NRG1 genotypes might, therefore, mark variation in both susceptibility to Type A and the development of atherosclerosis. This hypothesis must, however, be considered with caution, as the link between different NRG1 forms and atherosclerotic factors has not yet been thoroughly investigated.

Limitations

Cronbach's alpha reliabilities of Type A measures were moderate in size varying mostly between 0.6 – 0.7. Previously reported reliabilities for overall Type A correspond to these values [24]. In the current study job-related Type A had a slightly lower reliability (0.5). Reliabilities for Type A subscales are seldom reported but it is likely that their reliabilities are in general somewhat lower than that of the overall Type A scale's, as subscales have fewer items, which in turn, has a diminishing effect on Cronbach's alpha values.

It is important to note that the association between NRG1 genotype and Type A behavior was found in Framingham Type A. It is known that different Type A measures do not correlate very strongly as they emphasize different aspects of the multidimensional concept. The current results suggest an association for NRG1 with Framingham Type A but not necessarily with Type A behavior defined by other measures.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine molecular genetics and Type A. A genetic component has previously been suggested on the basis of quantitative genetics [25]. A follow-up of nine years gives credit to the suggestion that NRG1 might belong to a genetic basis of a stable Type A personality.

Abbreviations

SNP: 

single nucleotide polymorphism

CHD: 

coronary heart disease

NRG1: 

neuregulin-1

DNA: 

deoxyribonucleic acid

PCR: 

polymerase chain reaction

Declarations

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by the Academy of Finland (project number 111056 (LKJ)), the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg's Foundation (LKJ), Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (LKJ), the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (TL), the Tampere University Hospital Medical Research Fund (TL), and the Turku University Central Hospital Research Funds (OR and JV).

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki
(2)
Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital
(3)
Medical School, University of Tampere
(4)
Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Turku
(5)
Department of Medicine, University of Turku

References

  1. Friedman M, Rosenman RH: Association of specific overt behavior pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings; blood cholesterol level, blood clotting time, incidence or arcus senilis, and clinical coronary artery disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1959, 169 (12): 1286-1296.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. The review panel on coronary-prone behavior and coronary heart disease: Coronary-prone behavior and coronary heart disease: a critical review. Circulation. 1981, 63: 1199-1215.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  3. Shekelle RB, Hulley SB, Neaton JD, Billings JH, Borhani NO, Gerace TA, Jacobs DR, Lasser NL, Mittlemark MB, Stamler J: The MRFIT behavior pattern study. II. Type A behavior and incidence of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1985, 122: 559-570.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Hemingway H, Marmot M: Evidence based cardiology: psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999, 318: 1460-1467.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Hintsa T, Kivimäki M, Puttonen S, Juonala M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT: Type A eagerness-energy across developmental periods predicts adulthood carotid intima-media thickness: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007, 27: 1638-1644. 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.145524.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Lemmens K, Fransen P, Sys SU, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW: Neuregulin-1 induces a negative inotropic effect in cardiac muscle: role of nitric oxide synthase. Circulation. 2004, 109: 324-326. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000114521.88547.5E.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Okoshi K, Nakayama M, Yan X, Okoshi MP, Schuldt AJ, Marchionni MA, Lorell BH: Neuregulins regulate cardiac parasympathetic activity: muscarinic modulation of beta-adrenergic activity in myocytes from mice with neuregulin-1 gene deletion. Circulation. 2004, 110: 713-717. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000138109.32748.80.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Kahn JP, Perumal AS, Gully RJ, Smith TM, Cooper TB, Klein DF: Correlation of type A behaviour with adrenergic receptor density: implications for coronary artery disease pathogenesis. Lancet. 1987, 2: 937-939. 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91421-8.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Le Mellédo JM, Arthur H, Dalton J, Woo C, Lipton N, Bellavance F, Koszycki D, Boulenger JP, Bradwejn J: The influence of Type A behavior pattern on the response to the panicogenic agent CCK-4. J Psychosom Res. 2001, 51: 513-520. 10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00190-8.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Fukudo S, Lane JD, Anderson NB, Kuhn CM, Schanberg SM, McCown N, Muranaka M, Suzuki J, Williams RB: Accentuated vagal antagonism of beta-adrenergic effects on ventricular repolarization. Evidence of weaker antagonism in hostile type A men. Circulation. 1992, 85: 2045-2053.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Panutsopulos D, Arvanitis DL, Tsatsanis C, Papalambros E, Sigala F, Spandidos DA: Expression of heregulin in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Vasc Res. 2005, 42: 463-474. 10.1159/000088100.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Åkerblom HK, Uhari M, Pesonen E, Dahl M, Kaprio EA, Nuutinen EM, Pietikäinen M, Salo MK, Aromaa A, Kannas L, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kuusela V, Räsänen L, Rönnemaa T, Knip M, Telama R, Välimäki I, Pyörälä K, Viikari J: Cardiovascular risk in young Finns. Ann Med. 1991, 23: 35-39. 10.3109/07853899109147928.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Livak KJ: Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay. Genet Anal. 1999, 14: 143-149.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Stefansson H, Sarginson J, Kong A, Yates P, Steinthorsdottir V, Gudfinnsson E, Gunnarsdottir S, Walker N, Petursson H, Crombie C, Ingason A, Gulcher JR, Stefansson K, St Clair D: Association of neuregulin 1 with schizophrenia confirmed in a Scottish population. Am J Hum Genet. 2003, 72: 83-87. 10.1086/345442.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Haynes SG, Levine S, Scotch N, Feinleib M, Kannel WB: The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. I. Methods and risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 1978, 107: 362-383.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Britsch S, Li L, Kirchhoff S, Theuring F, Brinkmann V, Birchmeier C, Riethmacher D: The ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors and their ligand, neuregulin-1, are essential for development of the sympathetic nervous system. Genes Dev. 1998, 12: 1825-1836. 10.1101/gad.12.12.1825.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Falls DL: Neuregulins: functions, forms, and signaling strategies. Exp Cell Res. 2003, 284: 14-30. 10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00102-7.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Kamada T, Miyake S, Kumashiro M, Monou H, Inoue K: Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in Type As and Type Bs during mental workload. Psychosom Med. 1992, 54: 462-470.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Evans PD: Type A behaviour and coronary heart disease: when will the jury return?. Br J Psychol. 1990, 81: 147-157.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. Massion PB, Feron O, Dessy C, Balligand JL: Nitric oxide and cardiac function: ten years after, and continuing. Circ Res. 2003, 93: 388-398. 10.1161/01.RES.0000088351.58510.21.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Kawashima S, Yokoyama M: Dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004, 24: 998-1005. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000125114.88079.96.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Sparagon B, Friedman M, Breall WS, Goodwin ML, Fleischmann N, Ghandour G: Type A behavior and coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2001, 156: 145-149. 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00604-3.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Liu H, Saijo Y, Zhang X, Shiraishi Y, Luo Y, Maruyama M, Higa M, Sekine K, Yambe T: Impact of type A behavior on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006, 209: 15-21. 10.1620/tjem.209.15.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Lee DJ, King DW, King LA: Measurement of the Type A behavior pattern by self-report questionnaires: several perspectives on validity. Educ Psychol Meas. 1987, 47: 409-423. 10.1177/0013164487472013.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  25. Pedersen NL, Lichtenstein P, Plomin R, DeFaire U, McClearn GE, Matthews K: Genetic and environmental influences for type A-like measures and related traits: a study of twins reared apart and twins reared together. Psychosom Med. 1989, 51: 428-440.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© Service et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Advertisement