American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th Edn). 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Wasington DC
Google Scholar
Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164: 942-948. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Glutting JJ, Watkins MW: ADHD and achievement: Meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. J Learn Disabil. 2007, 40: 49-65. 10.1177/00222194070400010401.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition?. World Psychiatry. 2003, 2: 104-113.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castellanos FX, Tannock R: Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002, 3: 617-628.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ando J, Ono Y, Wright MJ: Genetic structure of spatial and verbal working memory. Behav Genet. 2001, 31: 615-624. 10.1023/A:1013353613591.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martinussen R, Hayden J, Hogg-Johnson S, Tannock JA: A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005, 44: 377-384. 10.1097/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baddeley A: Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003, 4: 829-839.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Packiam Alloway T, Gathercole SE, Elliott J: Examining the link between working memory behaviour and academic attainment in children with ADHD. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010, 52: 632-636. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03603.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Owen AM, McMillian MK, Laird AR, Bullmore E: N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp. 2005, 25: 46-59. 10.1002/hbm.20131.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wager TD, Smith EE: Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cogn Affect, & Behav Neurosci. 2003, 3: 255-274. 10.3758/CABN.3.4.255.
Article
Google Scholar
Curtis CE, D'Espositio M: Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends Cogn Sci. 2003, 7: 415-423. 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00197-9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnsten AF, Li B-M: Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57: 1377-1384. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vijayraghavan S, Wang M, Birnbaum SG, Williams GV, Arnsten AF: Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory. Nat Neurosci. 2007, 10: 376-384. 10.1038/nn1846.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindenberg A, Nichols T, Callicott JH, Ding J, Kolachana B, Buckholtz J, Mattay VS, Egan M, Weinberger DR: Impact of complex genetic variation in COMT on human brain function. Mol Psychiatry. 2006, 11: 867-877. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001860.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lachman HM, Papolos DF, Saito T, Yu YM, Szumlanski CL, Weinshilboum RM: Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics. 1996, 6: 243-250. 10.1097/00008571-199606000-00007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS, Callicott JH, Mazzanti CM, Straub RE, Goldman D, Weinberger DR: Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001, 98: 6917-6922. 10.1073/pnas.111134598.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barnett JH, Jones PB, Robbins TW, Muller U: Effects of the catechol-Omethyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on executive function: a meta-analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in schizophrenia and healthy controls. Mol Psychiatry. 2007, 12: 502-509.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Malhotra AK, Kestler LJ, Mazzanti CM, Bates JA, Goldberg TE, Goldman D: A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. Am J Psychiatry. 2002, 159: 652-654. 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.652.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diamond D, Biriand L, Fosella J, Gehlbach L: Genetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children. Am J Psychiatry. 2004, 161: 125-132. 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.125.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheuk D, Wong V: Meta-analysis of association between a catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Genet. 2006, 36: 651-659. 10.1007/s10519-006-9076-5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tarek E, Grizenko N, Ben Amor L, Lageix P, Mbekou V, Deguzman R, Torkaman-Zehi A, Stepanian T, Baron C, Joober R: Catechol-Omethyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158Met polymorphism does not modulate executive function in children with ADHD. BMC Med Genet. 2004, 5: 30-
Article
Google Scholar
Mills S, Langley K, Van Der Bree M, Street E, Turic D, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A: No evidence of association between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype and performance on neuropsychological tasks in children with ADHD: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry. 2004, 4: 15-10.1186/1471-244X-4-15.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellgrove MA, Domschke K, Hawi Z, Kirley A, Mullins C, Robertson IH, Gill M: The methionine allele of the COMT polymorphism impairs prefrontal cognition in children and adolescents with ADHD. Exp Brain Res. 2005, 163: 352-360. 10.1007/s00221-004-2180-y.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seamans JK, Yang CR: The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neurobiol. 2004, 74: 1-57. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gizer IR, Ficks C, Waldman ID: Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Hum Genet. 2009, 126: 51-90. 10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silverman WK, Albano AM: The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children for DSM-IV (child and parent versions). 1996, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
Google Scholar
Conners CK: Conners' Rating Scales - Revised. 1997, Multi-Health Systems Inc., Toronto, ON
Google Scholar
Achenbach T: Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and profile. 1991, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Google Scholar
Wechsler D: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition. Administration and scoring manual. 2003, Harcourt Assessment, Inc, San Antonio, TX
Google Scholar
Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg M: Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: 1. separation of hyperactivity and antisocial conduct in British child psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1986, 149: 760-767. 10.1192/bjp.149.6.760.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilkinson GS: WRAT-3: Wide Range Achievement Test-3 administration manual. 1993, Wide Range, Wilmington, DE
Google Scholar
Rhodes SM, Coghill DR, Matthews K: Methylphenidate restores visual memory, but not working memory function in attention deficit-hyperkinetic disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2004, 175: 319-330. 10.1007/s00213-004-1833-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Need AC, Attix DK MMJ, CE T, Linney KL, Hunt P, Ge D, Heinzen EL, Maia JM, Shianna KV: A Genome-wide study of common SNPs and CNVs in cognitive performance in the CANTAB battery. Hum Mol Genet. 2009, 18: 4650-4661. 10.1093/hmg/ddp413.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daly G, Hawi Z, Fitzgerald M, Gill M: Mapping susceptibility loci in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Preferential transmission of parental alleles at DAT1, DBH and DRD5 to affected children. Mol Psychiatry. 1999, 4: 192-196. 10.1038/sj.mp.4000510.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellgrove MA, Hawi Z, Gill M, Robertson IH: The cognitive genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Sustained attention as a candidate endophenotype. Cortex. 2006, 42: 838-845. 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70426-X.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tang Y, Buxbaum SG, Waldman I, Anderson GM, Zaetian CP, Kohnke MD, Cubells JF: A single nucleotide polymorphism at DBH, possibly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, associates with lower plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity and is in linkage disequilibrium with two putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms. Biol Psychiatry. 2006, 60: 1034-1038. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.017.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kollins SH, Anastopoulos AD, Lachiewicz AM, Fitzgerald D, Morrissey-Kane E, Garrett ME, Keatts SL, Ashley-Koch AE: SNPs in dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) are associated with continuous performance task (CPT) phenotypes in ADHD children and their families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008, 147B (8): 1580-1588. 10.1002/ajmg.b.30876.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bellgrove MA, Hawi Z, Lowe N, Kirley A, Robertson IH, Gill M: DRD4 gene variants and sustained attention in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Effects of associated alleles at the VNTR and –521 SNP. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005, 136 (1): 81-86.
Article
Google Scholar
Churchill GA, Doerge RW: Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping. Genet. 1994, 138: 963-971.
CAS
Google Scholar
Doerge RW, Churchill GA: Permutation tests for multiple loci affecting a quantitative character. Genet. 1996, 142: 285-294.
CAS
Google Scholar
Westfall P, Young S: Resampling-Based Multiple Testing: Examples and Methods for p-value Adjustment. 1993, Wiley, New York
Google Scholar
Bruder GE, Keilp JC, Xu H, Shikhman M, Schori F, Gorman JM, Gilliam TC: Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) genotypes and working memory: Associations with differing cognitive operations. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 58: 901-907. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.010.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bilder RM, Volavka J, Lachman HM, Grace AA: The catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism: Relations to tonic-phasic-dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004, 29: 1943-1961. 10.1038/sj.npp.1300542.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Volkow ND, Wang G, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gerasimov M, Maynard L, Ding Y, Gatley SJ, Gifford A, Franceschi D: The therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate significantly increases extracellular dopamine in the human brain. J Neurosci. 2001, 21: RC121-
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coghill DR, Rhodes SM, Matthews K: The neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 62: 954-962. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.030.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rhodes SM, Coghill DR, Matthews K: Acute neuropsychological effects of methylphenidate in stimulant drug-naive boys with ADHD II: Broader executive and non-executive domains. J Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2006, 47: 1184-1194. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01633.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Sengupta S, Grizenko N, Schmitz N, Schwartz G, Bellingham J, Polotskaia A, Stepanian MT, Goto Y, Grace AA, Joober R: COMT Val108/158Met Polymorphism and the modulation of task-oriented behavior in children with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008, 33: 3069-3077. 10.1038/npp.2008.85.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caspi A, Langley K, Milne B, Moffitt TE: A replicated molecular genetic basis for subtyping antisocial behavior in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008, 65 (2): 203-210. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Langley K, Heron J, O’ Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Thapar A: Genotype link with extreme antisocial behavior: the contribution of cognitive pathways. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010, 67 (12): 1317-1323. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.163.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar