Table 1 Characteristics of excitatory TMS of explicit and implicit ER studies
Author | Design sample size n(active)|n(control) | Coil position (localization method) | Stimulation frequency, quantity, intensity, duration | Control condition | Timing | Stimuli type | Task types | ER goal | Measurement and result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explicit ER (n = 5, k = 7) | |||||||||
High-frequency rTMS (n = 4, k = 6) | |||||||||
  He et al., 2020a | Between-subjects 30|29 | rVLPFC (F8, 10–20) | 10 Hz, 1170 pulses, 90% rMT, 15 min | Coil tilted 90◦ | Offline | Social exclusion pictures | ERT | down | negative feeling: active < sham |
  Jansen et al. [75] | Between-subjects 19|17 | rDLPFC (F4, neuronavigation) | 10 Hz, 3000 pulses, 110% rMT, 5 min | Coil tilted 90◦ | Offline | Negative IAPS pictures | ERT | down | negative feeling: active = sham |
  Li et al. [76] (I) | Between-subjects 40|40a | lVLPFC (F7, 10–20) | 10 Hz, 800 pulses, 90% rMT, 10 min | Cz | Offline | Negative social feedback | ERT | down | emotional feeling: active = sham |
  Li et al. [76] (II) | Between-subjects 40|40a | rVLPFC (F8, 10–20) | 10 Hz, 800 pulses, 90% rMT, 10 min | Cz | Offline | Negative social feedback | ERT | down | emotional feeling: active = sham |
  Zhao et al. [39] (I) | Between-subjects 30|30a | rDLPFC (F4, 10–20) | 10 Hz, 624 pulses, 90% rMT, 8 min | Cz | Offline | Social exclusion pictures | ERT | down | negative feeling: active < sham |
  Zhao et al. [39] (II) | Between-subjects 30|30a | rVLPFC (F8, 10–20) | 10 Hz, 624 pulses, 90% rMT, 8 min | Cz | Offline | Social exclusion pictures | ERT | down | negative feeling: active < sham |
spTMS (n = 1, k = 1) | |||||||||
 Cao et al. [35] | Within-subjects 15|15 | lVLPFC (F7, 10–20) | spTMS, 1 pulses, 90% rMT | Cz | Online | Negative IAPS pictures | ERT | down | valence: active < sham arousal: active = sham |
Implicit ER (n = 2, k = 2) | |||||||||
iTBS (n = 1, k = 1) | |||||||||
 Deng et al. [79] | Between-subjects 16|19 | lDLPFC (F3, 10–20) | 30 Hz, 1800 pulses, 80% rMT, 10 min | Cz | Offline | Electrical shock | FET | down | SCR: active = sham |
High-frequency rTMS (n = 1, k = 1) | |||||||||
Guhn et al. [77] | Between-subjects 40|45 | rMPFC (NIRS channel 26) | 10 Hz, 1560 pulses, 110% rMT, 20 min | Sham coil | Offline | 98 db aversive scream | FET | down | arousal: active < sham valence: active = sham FPS, SCR: active = sham |