Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation affect explicit but not implicit emotion regulation: a meta-analysis

Table 3 Moderation analysis results for the subjective experience of down-regulation

	k	Hedges’ g (95% CI)	p^a	Q	df	p^b
Stimulation method				4.02	1	0.045
tDCS	17	− 0.10, (− 0.36, 0.17)	0.473
TMS	7	− 0.43, (− 0.62, − 0.23)	< 0.001
Target hemisphere				9.17	1	0.002
Left PFC	11	0.11, (− 0.15, 0.37)	0.405
Right PFC	13	− 0.44, (− 0.67, − 0.20)	< 0.001
Left PFC				0.44	1	0.506
lDLPFC	7	0.21, (− 0.02, 0.43)	0.075
lVLPFC	4	− 0.16, (− 0.63, 0.60)	0.961
Right PFC				0.12	1	0.734
rDLPFC	7	− 0.42, (− 0.85, 0.02)	0.059
rVLPFC	6	− 0.50, (− 0.70, − 0.30)	< 0.001
Target area				22.26	3	0.000
lDLPFC	7	0.21, (− 0.02, 0.43)	0.075
lVLPFC	4	− 0.16, (− 0.63, 0.60)	0.961
rDLPFC	7	− 0.42, (− 0.85, 0.02)	0.059
rVLPFC	6	− 0.50, (− 0.70, − 0.30)	< 0.001
Stimulation timing				7.32	1	0.007
Offline	7	− 0.52, (− 0.85, − 0.20)	< 0.001
Online	17	− 0.06, (− 0.28, 0.16)	0.604
Stimuli type				2.50	1	0.144
General affective pictures	14	− 0.06, (-0.37, 0.26)	0.743
Specific affective stimuli	10	− 0.36, (-0.57, − 0.15)	0.001
Stimulation duration				5.94	2	0.060
< 20 min	6	− 0.47, (− 0.71, − 0.24)	0.000
> 20 min	3	− 0.35, (− 0.71, 0.01)	0.054
20 min	14	− 0.02, (− 0.31, 0.27)	0.873

Significant p values were highlighted in bold
p^a the p value for effect size (Hedges' g), p^b the p value for heterogeneity test (Cochran’s Q), CI confidence interval, df degree of freedom, Q Cochran’s Q, assess the presence of heterogeneity, TMS repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation, l left, r right, PFC prefrontal cortex, VLPFC ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

ISSN: 1744-9081